IMPAIRMENT NEURAL DEVELOPMENTS AND SYMPTOMS OF AUTISM...

Autism spectrum disorders are a common neural developmental brain condition (Cheng et al., 2010). It does not have unifying neurobiological or pathological etiology (Geschwind Levitt, 2007) .It characterized by impaired social interaction and communication skills and restricted repetitive behavior (Johnson Myers, 2007). Medical condition such as mental retardation, chromosomal anomalies and seizures are often appear with autism (Casanova, 2007). During first 3 years of childhood, these major symptoms are revealed (Casanova, 2007). Autism is one of three recognized condition and the other two know as Asperger’s syndrome (Levy, Mandell, Schultz, 2009). There are also secondary symptoms that may not be shown in individual with autism†¦show more content†¦During the gestation period 20 to 24 days after conception, the embryo motor neurons of cranial nerve that are responsible for eye, face, ears and tongue muscles are injured (Rodier, 2000). In addition, autism indi viduals’ family histories have been reported with immunological disorders, though its relevance to autism is still unknown (Johnson Myers, 2007). Furthermore, parental exposure to some environmental agents may cause disruption of neural development (Rodier, 2004). Neurotoxicants such as ethanol, thalidomide and isotretinoin have been reported to cause autism in a child if his mother was exposed to these neurotoxicants during pregnancy (Rodier, 2000). Furthermore, the neurotoxicants exposure causes genetic mutation in the embryo (Rodier, 2004). Genetic epidemiological studies on twins showed that there is heritable factor involve in the condition occurrence (Casanova, 2007). Hence, embryo neural development is very critical time in autism existence. Brain pathophysiology show different structure size in autism individual comparing to normal individual. Corpus callosum is involved in communication of information between the bi-hemispheric regions of the brain and it has been shown that its size is involved in individual with autism (Alexander et al., 2006). Thinning Corpus callosum was noticed in autism children (Alexander et al., 2006). Likewise, postmortem studies show thinning in Corpus callosum in autism patient. Geschwind and Levitt (2007)

Slavery has been in the United States early as 1619 Free Essays

Slavery has been in the United States early as 1619. Slaves were brought to America for one thing and one thing only, money. Tobacco took a great amount of work to harvest, but with the slaves help it all got completed. We will write a custom essay sample on Slavery has been in the United States early as 1619 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Slaves cost at least three more times than a regular servant for the reason that slavery was their life, it was their job. Regular servants finished their ‘slavery’ time in about 4 years. Slavery really got across the whole country as time passed, and in 1670 the crop, tobacco, took over the nation. In fact, slavery didn’t really come into play in the laws until the 1660s. In the early 1680s Virginia wanted to alter what a slave was, earlier defined by the House of Burgess. The Europeans saw African Americans as human beings, but their actions towards them did not say the same. Slaves that used to be put to work while on the ships did not appreciate it at all. Almost 15% of the slaves on the ship die on their way to a destination due to no food or by just being sick. The ship was so small sometimes that the slaves had to be on top of each other. The owners of the ships tried to get as many slaves on the ships as possible so when they got to their destination they would sell the excess slaves. Since Africa had so many in it, that was the usual target to get slaves and bring them back to the land. By the early 1700s African Americans took over one fifth of the population in America. With the large number of slaves being introduced into the colonies they had a great impact on the economy and in reshaping the population as a whole. The Africans brought their expertise of travel, planting and hunting to the new world. The African dugout canoe became the chief means of transportation in the colonies. This expertise from the Africans contributed greatly to the prosperity of South Carolina. Many slaves had their own gardens that they could tend to when they were not working. On Sundays slave holders usually gave the slaves the day off as the day of the Sabbath. It was on this day most slaves would tend to their garden, hunt, or fish. The slaves who were experienced could often complete their tasks in the early afternoon. With the growing rate of slavery, many slaves contemplated the idea of running away to try and gain their freedom. In 1693 Florida, which at that point was still part of Spain, granted the runaways that freedom stating if the runaways would convert to Catholicism they would be granted freedom. Since South Carolina was so close to Florida many slaves ran away and took advantage of this offer. In 1708 enslaved Indians composed as much as fourteen percent of South Carolina’s population. Why not more? Why did the colonists need to bring Africans over to the Americas when so many Indians already here? Indians posed a difficulty. Indians by and large remained free because they resisted and were difficult to control. Indians who were slaves were able to escape and not be caught, for unlike the Africans and the landowners, Indians could escape into the countryside, which they new intimately. Slavery was brutal; whipping occurred frequently and usually occurred in a public setting as an example to others. The work was backbreaking and conditions were not less than ideal. In 1712 the blacks had a rebellion in New York City, which lasted only one evening. But in 1739 in South Carolina the Stono Rebellion lasted several days. In both incidents many blacks lost their lives. The hopes of setting captured blacks free didn’t happen. In 1731 a law was put on the books prohibiting Africans from owning or possessing a gun and also fined owners for letting slaves wander at night alone. Running away, work resistance and revolution became the most common form of African resistance to slavery and helped to build a bond in the community as a whole. Slavery in the early colonies turned from Africans being able to earn their freedom to being treated brutally. Without the expertise from the Africans, the early American colonies would not have flourished as they did. Escaping slavery – the central form of labor both in the North and the South for several centuries – became the main aim for the African Americans of the time. Later, with the times of the Revolution the concept of the full citizenship was born in the minds of those who fought for freedom. The first goal – the abolition of slavery – was officially ratified in 1863, while the second – the granting of the citizenship – was documented only five years later. In reality, the fight for the real freedom and equality had just begun. The end of Reconstruction in 1877 signified the return to the inequality and racial prejudice, making basis for the later emergence of the Civil Rights Movement that signified further notion of freedom for the African Americans. The fight for slavery abolition resulted in the emancipation of the huge portion of the American inhabitants and the change of attitude to humans that are all â€Å"born free and equal†, according to the basic principles of the U. S. Constitution. The abolition of slavery was a dream for the African Americans that were brought to the America as slaves or born into it for many generations. Slavery in the United States was forced by enormous economic challenges, backed by country official legislation and the connivance of the church. The United States were destined to realize the meaning and the price of freedom largely due to the African Americans’ active fight for their basic human and civil rights. Thousands of people were depleted of their basic freedoms and dignity due to the difference in color and status. The change of this status that officially began in the late nineteenth century, lead not only to the transformation of the perception of the equality and freedom of the African Americans – it has forced a change in attitude to women’s rights, leading to women suffrage and further emancipation, making strong basis for the further acknowledgement of gender, racial, disability and sexual orientation equalities. Ever since the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees that â€Å"the right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude†1, the African Americans fight for the rights gave a chance to the real, unconditional freedom in the land of the free. This goal lead to further development of the civil rights movement, resulting in the acknowledgement of the document that would enable more equality despite gender, race, color, disability or religious belief. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 that extended voting rights and outlawed racial segregation in schools, at the workplace and in public accommodations, was another victory of the African American ancestors that fought for freedom back in the nineteenth century. It would be wrong to claim the fight for the equality is over, because even almost half a century later, practical issues of discrimination remain, although these cases are incomparably fewer than back into the times of the formation of the United States. The civil rights movement achieved impressive results in the fight for equality and it is important to study the African American History as it apparently constituted an impressive part of the history of the United States, starting from the early colonial days to the current events. The African American History has also formed the basic principles of the human coexistence within the country, creating the key laws on human rights and freedoms of the United States of America, which will surely determine the future of the nation. How to cite Slavery has been in the United States early as 1619, Papers

Symbolism in the Hunger Games Essay Example For Students

Symbolism in the Hunger Games Essay Films have many ways to show symbolism. Through those ways viewers can see the meaning of why or how aspects in movies are the way they are. The true meaning of symbolism is the use of other signs to represent or mean another idea or quality. One film that does a good job of using symbolism is the 2012 film The Hunger Games. In this film the director, Gary Ross, demonstrates and portrays symbolism throughout the whole film wisely. Identifying symbolism can be tricky task because viewers tend to get so caught up in the plot of the movie that the important aspects that make a film unique get taken for granted. When coming down to film, only a couple of symbols should be quite rare and not so noticeable. But they are present and if identified, these symbols can be a big part of what a director is trying to get through the minds of his or her viewers. But, a huge aspect of a symbol at the beginning of a movie is that the symbol foreshadows something that appears later in the film towards the climax. When coming down to the Hunger Games, the games themselves are an allegory of government control and what is going on in the actual world today. The actual games show many ways that the government is only controlling the country. Whether in the actual games or outside them. The capitol claims that selecting kids for a reaping of the games is a good thing, but ultimately, the reaping is not. The kids are thrown into an arena, for the satisfaction of the government capitol and are told to execute each other until only one is standing. This shows that the capitol is trying to get through to the citizens in the out lying and poor districts that they have a firm grasp on whatever they do. Therefore, controlling the districts. Clearly the main source of power in the world of Panem is the capitol. The government controls the country because the government holds all the country’s wealth. Because of this, The Hunger Games are the biggest display of the government’s power and were designed to warn the world against rebellion that was in the present. Instead of realizing that they are the puppets of the capitol and rebelling, the government makes them hate each other and fight amongst themselves. The bad thing about the games is that the capitol broadcasts the event on television reinforcing the idea that all the tributes are is entertainment for the capitol people. The games themselves are a symbol of government control because of how the capitol’s gamemaker controls what will happen in the games. Whether or not who dies and a certain time or how they will die. To solidify this, a scene towards the beginning of when the games starts shows Katniss, the main character, is straying too far from the other tributes. The capitol’s head gamemaker realizes this and forces her closer with a giant wall of fire resulting in a severe injury where Katniss could have easily been killed. If the capitol wanted her dead, they could easily do that. This gives off the impression to the country of Panem that they can do anything with their power to anyone they want to. A scene towards the middle of the film, where while during the actual games, the President of Panem states â€Å"take care of the problem† reffering to Katniss as â€Å"the problem. † But, the game maker cannot do this and replies with â€Å"not yet, just let it play out† because of the fact that the citizens of Panem are rooting for her. By the game maker doing this, he implies that by giving the world a fan favorite, this will essentially gives them hope. .ufebe2add0c5eb6a1807c9368fee22986 , .ufebe2add0c5eb6a1807c9368fee22986 .postImageUrl , .ufebe2add0c5eb6a1807c9368fee22986 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufebe2add0c5eb6a1807c9368fee22986 , .ufebe2add0c5eb6a1807c9368fee22986:hover , .ufebe2add0c5eb6a1807c9368fee22986:visited , .ufebe2add0c5eb6a1807c9368fee22986:active { border:0!important; } .ufebe2add0c5eb6a1807c9368fee22986 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufebe2add0c5eb6a1807c9368fee22986 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufebe2add0c5eb6a1807c9368fee22986:active , .ufebe2add0c5eb6a1807c9368fee22986:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufebe2add0c5eb6a1807c9368fee22986 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufebe2add0c5eb6a1807c9368fee22986 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufebe2add0c5eb6a1807c9368fee22986 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufebe2add0c5eb6a1807c9368fee22986 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufebe2add0c5eb6a1807c9368fee22986:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufebe2add0c5eb6a1807c9368fee22986 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufebe2add0c5eb6a1807c9368fee22986 .ufebe2add0c5eb6a1807c9368fee22986-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufebe2add0c5eb6a1807c9368fee22986:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Screenplay Analysis - The Proposal EssayAnd the idea of killing their Hope, Katniss, will send the impression of ultimate power the Capitol possesses. Ross makes this seem like the government has unlimited power and are capable of showing this power at any given time. The Hunger Games themselves are actually an allegory of government control with the use of the power they poses. A part of the film where Gary Ross makes the government seem like they can do anything they please. Directly after the Hunger Games are over, the capitol punishes Katniss for her intolerable actions in the games. Usually, the winner of the Hunger Games can no longer enter the games again and shall remain wealthy for the remainder of their lives. But, because of their power, the government twists this rule and has the winner of past games be re-entered into the reaping. Knowing that Katniss is the only girl to ever win from her district, the capitol knows she has to be picked to go back into the games. The capitol is pretty much implying that they can control a person no matter what the circumstances are. With thirteen separate districts in the world of Panem and all of them having a certain resource that the Capitol government entitles them to make the districts may have the idea and feeling of freedom, but in all reality the people are being watched at every moment. By telling the districts to supply these resources for other districts, the government is giving them the impression that they are contributing to the country but they aren’t at in fact. They are just contributing to the capitol essentially making them poorer. By putting this aspect in the film Gary Ross is giving off the impression that even though people do not know they are being controlled by the capitol, they actually are. Usually, the government is present to protect citizens from what is bad in the world but in the Hunger Games, this is not the case. The government in the Hunger Games strikes fear into the citizens. Ultimately, The Hunger Games themselves are an allegory of government control that the surrounding districts have no power over. And by utilizing this symbol, the citizens surely have no reaction towards this fact or so they know. Bibliography: The Hunger Games. Gary Ross. 2012. Lionsgate. 2012. DVD